It is use the most frequently used circuit in electronic DC power supplies. It converts the full cycle of AC in to DC.
Four diodes and a transformer are used in it. Since, the whole secondary winding of transformer is used in this circuit, so it produces double volts than full wave centre tapped rectifier.
Working Principle
The input of transformer is provided an AC supply.
When the input gets a positive half cycle, the...
Saturday, 14 July 2012
Full wave rectifier
A device that converts both polarities (positive and negative) of input AC into output DC is know asFull Wave Rectifier. OR
A rectifier that converts complete cycle of input AC into output DC is known as Full-wave Rectifier.
Full Wave Rectifier (Circuit Diagram and Output)
When the positive half cycle comes, then upper end ‘A’ of secondary winding becomes positive and lower end ‘B’ becomes negative while central...
Half wave rectifier
Half-wave rectifier. OR
A device that converts half-cycle of input AC into output DC is known as Half-wave Rectifier.
As shown in the figure below.
Half Wave Rectifier (Circuit Diagram)
When the positive half cycle of input AC wave comes, than the diode is forward biased and switched into ON condition, So it conducts and positive half-cycle of input AC is dropped across RL.
When the negative half cycle of input AC comes, the diode...
NPN Transistors
Definition:
A transistor in which a P-type semiconductor is sandwiched between tow N-type semiconductors, is known as NPN transistor.
NPN is one of the two types of bipolar transistors, consisting of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base") between two N-doped layers. (As shown in the Diagram)
NPN Transistor
In this type of transistor, a small amount of current flows because P-region(Base) has a small amount of charge carriers.
The...
Transistors
Definition:"A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify andswitch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit." A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can...
Biasing and Working of NPN Transistors
Due to forward biasing of emitter-base junction, majority carriers (Electrons) flow towards base. A big amount of electrons cross the junction and enter the base. As the base is lightly doped, so a small amount (2 to 5 percent) of electrons recombine with holes in the base and almost more than 95 percent electrons come under the effect of positively charged collector and enter the collector. This is possible due to attraction of collector voltage.
As...
PNP Transistor
A transistor in which an N-type semiconductor is sandwiched between tow P-type semiconductors, is known as PNP transistor. (Shown in Figure)
In the p-region, majority carriers are holes or protons, and in the n-region, majority carriers are electrons.
Symbol of PNP Transistor
As conventional current flows in the transistors, so charge carriers start moving from emitter and they are collected at collector...
Biasing and Working of PNP Transistor
For the normal operation of a transistor, it is necessary to provide voltage of right polarities to both of its junctions.
For the accurate and normal function of a transistor, its emitter-base junction should be forward biased and collector-base junction should be always reverse biased. As shown in the figure.
In the given method of biasing of PNP transistor, the emitter-base junction is forward biased, while collector-base junction...
Common Emitter (CE) Amplifier
When a transistor is added to a circuit such that, input signal is provided parallel to its emitter-base junction and output is obtained from collector-emitter junction while emitter is common or grounded then such circuit is called common-emitter circuit. This circuit is the most popular method to use transistor as an amplifier.
In other words, “common-emitter circuit” is a circuit in which:
1. Emitter is grounded
2. Input signal...
Circuit Operation of Common Emitter (CE) Amplifier
When the positive half-cycle of signal is provided
(1) As the base of transistor is already positive relating to biasing, so voltage (VBC) increases.
(2) Due to increase in VBE , the forward bias of Emitter-base junction also increases.
(3) IB is also slightly increased.
(4) As...
Characteristics of a Common Emitter (CE) Amplifier
(1) Its input resistance is less up to a specific limit (1K to 2K)
(2) Its output resistance is high up to a proper limit (50K or above)
(3) Its current gain (B) is high (50 to 300 times)
(4) Its voltage gain is very high (1500 or more)
(5) It...
Introduction to Digital Electronics
Digital electronics is one of the fundamental courses found in all electrical
engineering and most science programs. The great variety of LabVIEW
Boolean and numeric controls/indicators, together with the wealth of
programming structures and functions, make LabVIEW an excellent tool to
visualize and demonstrate many of the fundamental concepts of digital
electronics. The inherent modularity of LabVIEW is exploited in the same
way that complex digital integrated circuits are built from circuits of less
complexity,...
The AND Gate
A basic AND gate consists of two inputs and an output. If the two inputs
are A and B, the output (often called Q) is “on” only if both A and B are
also “on.”
In digital electronics, the on state is often represented by a 1 and the off state
by a 0. The relationship between the input signals and the output signals is
often summarized in a truth table, which is a tabulation of all possible inputs
and...
The OR and XOR Gates
The OR gate is also a two-input, single-output gate. Unlike the AND gate,
the output is 1 when one input, or the other, or both are 1. The OR gate
output is 0 only when both inputs are 0.
A
B
Q=A AND B
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
A related gate is the XOR, or eXclusive OR gate, in which the output is 1
when one, and only one, of the inputs is 1. In other words, the XOR output
is 1 if the inputs are differen...
How are computers made?
We started by showing the stuff that computers are made of. It all begins with common sand,which consists mostly of silicon dioxide (quartz). Using chemical methods, the sand is convertedto pure silicon. Very pure silicon, 99.999 999% -- you can’t get anything more pure.Pure silicon is a funny material. It shines like a metal, but is breakable like a ceramic. It is asemiconductor. That means it is on the edge: does it conduct electricity or doesn’t it? Well, wecan make it do both: make it conduct, or make it stop conducting.We can switch an electricalcurrent...
What do computers do?
We use computers for a lot of things. Playing games, writing book reports, calculating mathproblems... It actually all started with math problems.Ÿ So these boxes can calculate quite well. Very well.Ÿ We do know that they do what they are told. You push a button, and the computer does it.It does exactly what you tell it to do (which is not necessarily what you meant it to do...).It follows instructions.Ÿ Computers move information, for example your book report from the disk to the printer.Or a file from the Internet to your display screen, or...
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